About Me

Hardware security researcher with 5+ years of experience in secure RTL design, root-of-trust, and obfuscation-based IP protection. Proven contributions in algorithmic and structural attack-resilient hardware IPs, CAD framework (KAVACH), cryptographic architectures, and security-driven ASIC/FPGA flows. Skilled in attack surface evaluation and reduction using formal and simulation-based methods. Development of a security-aware RTL-to-GDSII flow with optimized PPA-security tradeoffs, supported by contributions in flagship international conferences.

Education

Uni Logo
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
CSIR-CEERI, Pilani (Gov. of India)
2022 - Present

Thesis Title: Design-for-Security: Protecting Intellectual Properties for Trustworthy Integrated Circuits

Supervisor: Dr. Jai Gopal Pandey, Sr. Principal Scientist, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

Uni Logo
M.Tech. in Advance Electronics Engineering
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
CSIR-CEERI, Pilani (Gov. of India)
2019 – 2022  |  CGPA: 9.11/10

Thesis Title: Trustworthy Hardware Design with Logic Locking

Supervisor: Dr. Jai Gopal Pandey, Sr. Principal Scientist, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

Uni Logo
B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering
Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT)
NIRF Rank: 151–200 (University)
2015 – 2019  |  CGPA: 9.83/10

Research & Development Experience

Senior Research Fellow (GATE)
CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani, India
CSIR-HRDG (Gov. of India) Sponsored
2022 – 2025
  • Developed KAVACH: a first-of-its-kind CAD framework for zero-knowledge logic obfuscation integration, enabling automated security primitives integration and adversarial evaluation on benchmark netlist/IPs
  • Designed and demonstrated ULTRONE, an effective logic locking attack technique achieving 100% key recovery on sarlock/iolts-protected netlists in seconds, with improved key prediction accuracy and reduced runtime
  • Proposed DyLock, a dynamic key-based Boolean satisfiability and structural attacks resilient low-overhead (<6%) logic locking technique that balanced PPA-security tradeoffs with validated effectiveness across standard benchmarks
  • Developed a resource-efficient modulo reduction unit for the number theoretic transform (NTT) in Dilithium, a post-quantum cryptographic technique, achieving improved area and logic utilization over state-of-the-art designs
Junior Research Fellow (GATE)
CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani, India
CSIR-HRDG (Gov. of India) Sponsored
2020 – 2022
  • Proposed gated MUX cascades-based SHAKTI and SHAKTI+ locking schemes — attack-resilient with balanced design overheads under 20% across benchmark netlists; demonstrated key-aliasing effect under power trace analysis
  • Proposed LOKI, a lightweight key-driven locking technique for IoT IPs, ensuring secure encryption/decryption with low (2–5%) FPGA resource overhead; validated using GIFT cipher for image security application
  • Performed comprehensive cryptanalytic evaluation of lightweight 4-bit S-boxes
Graduate Apprentice Trainee
Space Application Centre (SAC) – ISRO, Ahmedabad, India
2019 – 2020
  • Performed load curve analysis, cost evaluation and reduction studies for mission-critical electrical systems, enabling data-driven energy planning and improved procurement efficiency
  • Assisted in site inspections, installation, and commissioning of oil-filled transformers, and contributed to GIS-based utility management using NaVIC for spatial asset tracking

Skills & Expertise

Hardware Description Languages
VHDL
Verilog
Scripting & Programming Languages
Python
TCL Scripting
C / Embedded C
MATLAB
Bash / Shell
Research Domains
Hardware Security
Logic Locking / Obfuscation
Post-Quantum Cryptography
Cryptographic Hardware
Boolean SAT / UNSAT Attack
Side-Channel Analysis
Synopsys EDA Tools
Design Compiler
IC Compiler II
PrimeTime-PX
Synopsys VCS
FPGA & Simulation Tools
Xilinx Vivado
Xilinx ISE
ModelSim
QuestaSim
ABC Compiler
Yosys
FPGA Prototyping Platforms
Zynq UltraScale+
Virtex-7
Virtex-5
Boolean Board
VLSI / IC Design Flow
RTL Design
Logic Synthesis
Place & Route
Power Analysis
Netlist Analysis
Functional Verification
Process Technologies
TSMC 28nm
UMC 28nm
SCL 180nm
FreePDK 45nm
AI / ML & LLM Integration
ML for Hardware Security
Neural Network Accelerators
LLM-driven Design (GPT-4)
Scikit-learn
TensorFlow (basic)
Academic & Documentation
LaTeX Typesetting
Academic Research Writing
Patent Writing

Publications & Patents

Indian Patent
A Unified Multi-Layer Combinational Logic Obfuscation For Securing Hardware Intellectual Properties
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
Filed: 2025 | Application No. 202611033
Journal Article SCI Q1 Journal
Energy and Performance Efficient NAND Flash Translation Layer Architecture for Low-latency Edge Applications.
Ranjeeth Sekhar CB, Diksha Shekhawat, Jugal Gandhi, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing | 2025
  • Performed load curve analysis, cost evaluation and reduction studies for mission-critical electrical systems, enabling data-driven energy planning and improved procurement efficiency
  • Assisted in site inspections, installation, and commissioning of oil-filled transformers, and contributed to GIS-based utility management using NaVIC for spatial asset tracking
Journal Article SCI Q2 Journal
GAN4IP: A Unified GAN & Logic Locking-based Pipeline for Hardware IP Security
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
Sādhanā | 2024
Abstract: Proposed a novel energy-efficient hardware accelerator for CNNs using Time-Domain processing and 2D Operand-as-Address (OaA) architecture to optimize memory access and reduce power consumption.
Journal Article SCI Q2 Journal
Modeling, Hardware Architecture, and Performance Analyses of an AEAD-based Lightweight Cipher,
Kartik Jhawar∗, Jugal Gandhi*, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey *Contributed Equally
Journal of Real-time Image Processing | 2024
Abstract: Proposed a novel energy-efficient hardware accelerator for CNNs using Time-Domain processing and 2D Operand-as-Address (OaA) architecture to optimize memory access and reduce power consumption.
Journal Article SCI Q1 Journal
Logic Locking for IP Security: A Comprehensive Analysis on Challenges, Techniques, and Trends
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
Computers & Security Journal | 2024
Abstract: Proposed a novel energy-efficient hardware accelerator for CNNs using Time-Domain processing and 2D Operand-as-Address (OaA) architecture to optimize memory access and reduce power consumption.
Journal Article Q2 Journal
A Time Domain 2D OaA-based Convolutional Neural Networks Accelerator
Rudresh Pratap Singh, Shreyam Kumar, Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
Memories-Materials, Devices, Circuits and Systems | 2023
Abstract: Proposed a novel energy-efficient hardware accelerator for CNNs using Time-Domain processing and 2D Operand-as-Address (OaA) architecture to optimize memory access and reduce power consumption.
Conference Article Flagship Conference
A Low-overhead Dilithium-NTT Architecture using Accelerated K-RED Modular Reduction Unit
Harsh Gupta, Aryan Goyal, Paranjay Dhadwal, Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, Jai Gopal Pandey
27th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), San Francisco, USA | 2026
Scope: Proposes a low-overhead NTT architecture for the Dilithium post-quantum signature scheme using the accelerated K-RED modular reduction unit, achieving improved area and timing efficiency.
Conference Article
Breaking the Quire Bottleneck: A Posit MAC Architecture with Reduced Adder Complexity
Diksha Shekhawat, Jugal Gandhi, Jai Gopal Pandey and Chandra Shekhar
International Conference on Next Generation Arithmetic (CoNGA), USA | 2025
Scope: Addresses the hardware overhead of the Posit 'Quire' by introducing a low-complexity accumulator design, significantly reducing FPGA resource utilization while maintaining arithmetic precision.
Conference Article Flagship Conference
Parameterized Low-overhead Data Conversion Architectures for Posit Arithmetic
Diksha Shekhawat, Pangoria Manashvi Rahul, Vaishak Sreejith, Jugal Gandhi, Jai Gopal Pandey and Chandra Shekhar
The 68th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Michigan, USA | 2025
Scope: This paper proposes parameterized architectures for posit conversion units with optimized regime and exponent computation with improved datapath efficiency and reduced hardware overhead.
Conference Article Flagship Conference
DyLock: A Dynamic Key-based SAT and Structural Attacks Resilient Low-overhead Logic Locking
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, Jaya Dofe and Jai Gopal Pandey
2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), London, United Kingdom | 2025
Scope: This paper presents a novel dynamic key-based logic locking technique (DyLock) to improve resilience against Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and structural attacks while maintaining low design overhead. DyLock employs a nonlinear substitution-based key generator and counter-based architecture to produce a dynamic key sequence from static key bits.
Conference Article
SHAKTI: Securing Hardware IPs by Cascade Gated Multiplexer-based Logic Obfuscation
Jugal Gandhi, Nikhil Handa, Abhay Nayak, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, Jaya Dofe and Jai Gopal Pandey
38th International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSID), Bengaluru, India | 2025
Scope: This article addresses security vulnerabilities and introduces a secure hardware IP design technique with key-controlled cascade gated MUX-based locking (SHAKTI) and its variant SHAKTI+. The proposed techniques integrate a daisy-chained structure and MUXes to improve attack resilience while optimizing resource overhead.
Conference Article
Large Language Model Driven Logic Locking: A Generative Approach to Secure IC Design
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, Jaya Dofe and Jai Gopal Pandey
The 33rd Asian Test Symposium (ATS), Ahmedabad, India | 2024
Scope: This article presents an iterative prompt-based framework that refines the generated netlist over multiple iterations to generate an obfuscated design. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness in generating an obfuscated netlist.
Conference Article
Emerging Frontiers and Limitations of Logic Locking for Secure IC Design
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
17th International Symposium on Embedded Multicore/Many-core Systems-on-Chip (MCSoC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 2024
Scope: This article explores the principles of logic locking, its application in securing designs from unauthorized access, reverse engineering attempts, etc., and its potential in securing hardware IP/ICs. It delves into the evolving cat-and-mouse game between defenses and security vulnerabilities, where researchers continuously strive to develop more robust and resilient logic locking techniques to counter emerging threats.
Conference Article
SAT and SCOPE Attacks on Deceptive Multiplexer Logic Locking
Jugal Gandhi, Rishi Agarwal, Anish Mall, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
37th International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSID), Kolkata, India | 2024
Scope: This article focuses on evaluating the vulnerabilities of deceptive MUX (D-MUX) logic locking. It explores the potential of the oracle-guided SAT attack and the oracle-less SCOPE attack to break the scheme.
Conference Article
Security Evaluation of Lightweight SBoxes
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES), Ahmedabad, India | 2023
Scope: This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of the security properties of lightweight substitution boxes (SBoxes), which are essential components of cryptographic algorithms designed for resource-constrained devices. The evaluation encompasses various aspects, such as the non-linearity of the SBoxes, algebraic degree to assess their vulnerability to linear and differential cryptanalysis.
Conference Article
LOKI: A Secure FPGA Prototyping of IoT IP with Lightweight Logic Locking
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), Hyderabad, India | 2023
Scope: The LOKI technique embeds a secret on-chip hardware key into the design, enabling secure encryption and decryption. The experimental analysis demonstrates that only the correct on-chip hardware key ensures accurate encryption and decryption, while an incorrect key leads to malfunctioning outputs.
Conference Article
LightLock: Ensuring Hardware IP Security in IoT Environment with Lightweight Logic Locking
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
International Symposium on VLSI Design and Test (VDAT), Pilani, India | 2023
Scope: This research explores the implementation of lightweight logic locking to enhance the security of Internet of things (IoT) hardware IP/ICs. By integrating the logic locking technique, a confidential on-chip hardware key is integrated into the design, enabling secure encryption and decryption processes.
Conference Article
A NAND Flash Memory Controller for Energy-Constrained Edge Computing Applications
Diksha Shekhawat, Jugal Gandhi, Ranjeeth Sekhar C. B., M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
International Symposium on VLSI Design and Test (VDAT), Pilani, India | 2023
Scope: This work presents the architectural development and hardware implementations of a memory interface controller for a NAND flash memory device.
Conference Article
PHAc: Posit Hardware Accelerator for Efficient Arithmetic Logic Operations
Diksha Shekhawat, Jugal Gandhi, M. Santosh, and Jai Gopal Pandey
International Conference on Next Generation Arithmetic (CoNGA), Singapore | 2023
Scope: This paper proposes efficient sequential architectures for the posit adder/subtractor and multiplier that work according to the desired bit size of operands.
SCI-Indexed Journal Articles — Under Revision
Journal Article SCI Q1 Journal Under Revision
KAVACH: A CAD-based Bit-Flip Obfuscation Framework for Hardware Integrity Protection
Jugal Gandhi, Nikhil Handa, Diksha Shekhawat, Jai Gopal Pandey
Computer and Electrical Engineering Journal | 2026
Journal Article SCI Q2 Journal Under Revision
Functional Obfuscation of Lightweight Crypto Cores for Improved Security against IP Piracy
Jugal Gandhi, Diksha Shekhawat, Jaya Dofe, M. Santosh, Jai Gopal Pandey
The Journal of Supercomputing | 2026

Achievements & Grants

Research Grant | 2020 – 2022
Junior Research Fellowship (GATE)
CSIR-Human Resource Development Group (CSIR-HRDG)

Recipient of CSIR-HRDG Junior Research Fellowship (GATE) for B.Tech. graduates with national GATE qualification.

Research Grant | 2022 – 2025
Senior Research Fellowship (GATE)
CSIR-Human Resource Development Group (CSIR-HRDG)

Recipient of a highly competitive national research fellowship awarded after 3-member national expert evaluation, to pursue graduate-level research at CSIR-CEERI, Pilani.

Travel Grant | 2025
ANRF International Travel Scheme (ITS)
Anusandhan National Research Foundation (Govt. of India)

Awarded to present peer-reviewed research at IEEE ISCAS 2025, London, United Kingdom — a flagship conference of IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (Google Metrics Rank: 15).

Travel Grant | 2025
IEEE CASS Student Travel Grant
IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CASS)

Awarded to present accepted paper at IEEE ISCAS 2025, London, United Kingdom.

Travel Grant | 2025
IEEE CEDA Student Travel Grant
IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation (CEDA)

Awarded to present accepted paper at IEEE ISCAS 2025, London, United Kingdom.

Travel Grant | 2023
IEEE CASS Student Travel Grant
IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CASS)

Awarded to present accepted paper at IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS 2023), Hyderabad, India — a Region 10 flagship conference of IEEE CASS.

Travel Grants | 2022 – 2025
IEEE VLSID & VDAT Conference Travel Grants

Received competitive travel grants to attend IEEE VLSID (2023, 2024, 2025) and VDAT (2022, 2023) conferences for research presentations and academic contributions.

University Rank Holder
Felicitation for 3rd University Rank — B.Tech Electrical Engineering
Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT)

Awarded for securing 3rd University Rank and felicitated across Semesters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 & 8.

Voluntary Service

IEEE Conferences

  • ISCAS 2024, 2025, 2026
  • MWSCAS 2025
  • RASSE 2025

Elsevier Journals

  • Journal of Information Security & Applications
  • Microelectronics Journal
  • Memories-Materials, Devices, Circuits and Systems

Springer Journals

  • The Journal of Supercomputing
  • Scientific Reports
IEEE Membership
  • Graduate Student Member, IEEE (2021 – Present)
  • Young Professional, IEEE (2021 – Present)
  • IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CASS) — 2024 – Present
  • IEEE Computer Society — 2024 – Present
Academic Outreach
  • Science communicator and technology demonstrator in CSIR outreach program
  • Mentoring post-graduate and graduate research scholars
  • Attended & volunteered at AESDP Workshop on Advanced Electronics Systems Design, CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

Endorsements from Academic Mentors

JGP
Dr. Jai Gopal Pandey
Sr. Principal Scientist · CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

"Jugal has demonstrated exceptional depth in hardware security research. His work on the KAVACH framework and IEEE flagship conference contributions reflect a researcher who independently drives ideas from formulation to silicon-level validation."

JD
Dr. Jaya Dofe
Professor · Cal State Fullerton, USA

"His ability to engage with international research problems, present at IEEE ISCAS London, and co-author across institutions speaks to both his technical maturity and collaborative nature. He will be a strong asset to any research group."

MS
Mr. M. Santosh
Sr. Principal Scientist · CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

"Working alongside Jugal over several years, his meticulous approach to RTL design and understanding of security vulnerabilities at the netlist level has directly strengthened our group's research output. He takes ownership of problems and sees them through."

NP
Prof. (Dr.) Nilay Patel
Head, Dept. of EE · CHARUSAT University

"Jugal was among the most driven students I have mentored at CHARUSAT. Securing 3rd University Rank across multiple semesters while showing genuine curiosity in hardware design — his PhD trajectory has fully validated that potential."

Testimonials from Mentees and Fellow Researchers

DS
Diksha Shekhawat
Senior Researcher · AcSIR, CSIR-CEERI

"Jugal brings clarity and structure to complex research problems. He has a rare ability to translate advanced security concepts into concrete hardware implementations, and is genuinely generous in guiding junior researchers."

NH
Nikhil Handa
Engineer · Nvidia Inc.

"Working with Jugal on logic locking research gave me a strong foundation in hardware security. His systematic approach to evaluating attacks and defenses shaped how I now approach problems in industry."

AN
Abhay Nayak
Engineer · AMD Inc.

"Jugal's deep knowledge of FPGA flows and RTL security made our collaboration on SHAKTI both rigorous and insightful. He has an exceptional ability to explain complex ideas with clarity and precision."

RA
Rishi Agrawal
Engineer · Apple Inc.

"Jugal's mentorship during our research collaboration was invaluable. His attention to correctness in both theory and implementation is something I carry into my work every day."

AM
Anil Mall
Researcher · Auburn University, USA

"Collaborating with Jugal on SAT attack analysis was a genuinely enriching experience. His command over logic locking literature and ability to bridge theory with experimental results is remarkable."

Let's Connect

Open to research collaborations, R&D opportunities, and academic discussions. Fill out the form below and I'll get back to you directly.